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B.Bruce  
#1 Posted : 19 July 2013 09:13:35(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
B.Bruce

Hi all, Our Manufacturing Dept is looking to employee an Polish worker, and if successful, maybe more. The potential recruit cannot read or understand verbal english. I have raised concerns that we don't have sufficient systems in place to cater for foreign workers who do not understand english. As part of our safety training we provide hazard written information to employees and complete a training record demonstrating they have recieved, read and understood this information. We also provide practical training to support this process. As we know, the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regs and HASAWA both place a statutory duty on employers to provide information, instruction and training to employees. I have been told we have other employees who could translate documents and also help with day-to-day communication however, I am concerned that this might not meet the requirement of legislation. Would it be enough to have the documents verbally translated in Polish at the time of training and have the 'decleration' on the training record translated to Polish so there is no dubiety that Polish employees understands why and what he is signing. Or would we need to have the entire written document translated to Polish? Any help would be appreciated. Thanks
grumpyB  
#2 Posted : 19 July 2013 09:29:06(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
grumpyB

Would the HSE website information help? There is a list of languages at the bottom of the page enabling several of the resources/information bulletins to be printed off in the individuals native tongue.
bob youel  
#3 Posted : 19 July 2013 09:50:23(UTC)
Rank: Super forum user
bob youel

There is far more to it than basic inductions etc. U must be able to communicate in an adequate way in all things e.g your front line supervisor must be able to talk 'quality' or shout a warning as examples so consider such things by all means but also put in adequate controls - cheap is not always cheap! forget the requirement of legislation and think about the requirement of a court where your worker has hurt himself and its your CEO/CE etc. that has to defend himself! Personal comment: I have worked in many countries with many nationalities but in my personal experience its only this one that puts its own workers last!
B.Bruce  
#4 Posted : 19 July 2013 10:51:12(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
B.Bruce

bob youel wrote:
There is far more to it than basic inductions etc. U must be able to communicate in an adequate way in all things e.g your front line supervisor must be able to talk 'quality' or shout a warning as examples so consider such things by all means but also put in adequate controls - cheap is not always cheap! forget the requirement of legislation and think about the requirement of a court where your worker has hurt himself and its your CEO/CE etc. that has to defend himself! Personal comment: I have worked in many countries with many nationalities but in my personal experience its only this one that puts its own workers last!
Hi Bob, I totally agree, I am trying to look at it from a court/litigation perspective - that was the exact point I was making with Production Managers. I advised that we should translate all of our induction paperwork into Polish, its not sufficient to have an employee 'translate' when required as there will be a tendancy to ignore policy and allow the worker to get on with it.
Ron Hunter  
#5 Posted : 19 July 2013 13:24:36(UTC)
Rank: Super forum user
Ron Hunter

Providing employees with things to read is not "training", it is the provision of information. How do you validate and correct the practices and behaviours of your current workforce? How would you apply that to a non-English speaker?
B.Bruce  
#6 Posted : 19 July 2013 13:30:26(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
B.Bruce

ron hunter wrote:
Providing employees with things to read is not "training", it is the provision of information. How do you validate and correct the practices and behaviours of your current workforce? How would you apply that to a non-English speaker?
Hi Ron, yes you're correct, hence I mentioned our practical training on my OP. This is part of my concern - how do we deliver the practical training do a non-english speaking employee. At the moment we validate via the practical training. Employees need to demonstrate they can operate and maintain equipmnent safely. In reference to correcting bad practice and behaviour - we are largely deficient (for various reason which I dont want to go into at the moment).
B.Bruce  
#7 Posted : 19 July 2013 13:36:35(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
B.Bruce

Edit function please............ Should have been "........practical training TO a non-english speaking emploee."
farmsafety  
#8 Posted : 19 July 2013 14:05:14(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
farmsafety

At best, you will find it frustrating with an employee who cannot communicate in English and, at worse, highly dangerous. They will sign anything you put in front of them to obtain employment, whether in English or their native language. Whether they understand what has been written, even in their own language, is questionable. Foreign workers have a different safety culture background, and do not recognise at all some of the practices and procedures we accept as normal. They have to be informed, instructed, supervised, and observed again and again until we are satisfied with the way they work. Instruction and training is very difficult if they have no idea what we are saying! In my experience, a direct supervisor, or fellow employee, that can communicate with them in their own language is a must. I am involved with a lot of seasonal agricultural workers and the biggest concern is their understanding of English. A foreign worker taking instructions on his own of a critical activity must understand what is said. I've witnessed a foreign worker being told, in English, exactly what task he is required to do, and he saying that he understood, only for him to walk off and do something else. We then get somebody who does speaks his language and enquire what he is now doing, for the worker to then explain that he is doing the task that he thought was being requested. They are very good workers with a strong work ethic, but care must be given to the importance of adequate communication.
ptaylor14  
#9 Posted : 19 July 2013 14:23:26(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
ptaylor14

B.Bruce wrote:
Hi all, Our Manufacturing Dept is looking to employee an Polish worker, and if successful, maybe more. The potential recruit cannot read or understand verbal english. I have raised concerns that we don't have sufficient systems in place to cater for foreign workers who do not understand english. As part of our safety training we provide hazard written information to employees and complete a training record demonstrating they have recieved, read and understood this information. We also provide practical training to support this process. As we know, the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regs and HASAWA both place a statutory duty on employers to provide information, instruction and training to employees. I have been told we have other employees who could translate documents and also help with day-to-day communication however, I am concerned that this might not meet the requirement of legislation. Would it be enough to have the documents verbally translated in Polish at the time of training and have the 'decleration' on the training record translated to Polish so there is no dubiety that Polish employees understands why and what he is signing. Or would we need to have the entire written document translated to Polish? Any help would be appreciated. Thanks
Whats the job?
B.Bruce  
#10 Posted : 19 July 2013 14:40:57(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
B.Bruce

Hi ptaylor We modify new vehicles. We use air tools and some cutting tools - so there are some significant hazards that employees must be aware of. The more I think about it, the more I am inclinded to advise management against such a move until we have more effective systems in place.
SP900308  
#11 Posted : 19 July 2013 15:08:56(UTC)
Rank: Super forum user
SP900308

Without an acceptable standard of the command of the English language, could it be deemed that the prospective workers are not 'competent' to carry out the prospective roles (in the fuller sense of the word competent)?
A Kurdziel  
#12 Posted : 19 July 2013 16:14:36(UTC)
Rank: Super forum user
A Kurdziel

You cannot discriminate on the grounds that some cannot speak English. That would leave you right open to an action under equality legislation. You can only use this as an argument if spoken English is part of the job eg being teacher for example. Amazingly enough there are businesses in Poland that modify new vehicles and use air tools and cutting tools so those skills do exist beyond the English Channel. So if a person can demonstrate that they can do this job safely they should be given the same chance as anybody else. What’s wrong with someone watching them for a few days and seeing what they do, as oppose to making assumptions just because there first language is not English. How do those members of the forum who work in the middle east etc communicate their H&S to their workers? I doubt many English speaking IOSH forum users speak Arabic (or Bengali or what ever language migrant workers speak in that region) as a second language.
B.Bruce  
#13 Posted : 19 July 2013 16:55:10(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
B.Bruce

A Kurdziel wrote:
You cannot discriminate on the grounds that some cannot speak English. That would leave you right open to an action under equality legislation. You can only use this as an argument if spoken English is part of the job eg being teacher for example. Amazingly enough there are businesses in Poland that modify new vehicles and use air tools and cutting tools so those skills do exist beyond the English Channel. So if a person can demonstrate that they can do this job safely they should be given the same chance as anybody else. What’s wrong with someone watching them for a few days and seeing what they do, as oppose to making assumptions just because there first language is not English. How do those members of the forum who work in the middle east etc communicate their H&S to their workers? I doubt many English speaking IOSH forum users speak Arabic (or Bengali or what ever language migrant workers speak in that region) as a second language.
Hi A Kurdziel, Eh, yes, they're are manufacturing companyies in Poland........I am aware of that! However, this particular candidate is not from that background. Most of our labour are unskilled or at best semi-skilled, this is because our wages are lower than average for our sector. I totally agree with offering people the chance to prove themselves but not at the expense of safety. Your examples of Arabia and Bengali are not particularly relevent as they have a very difference legal structure than our, and next to no compensation culture. I am employed to protect both employees and the company...........sometimes difficult to balance.
Juan Carlos Arias  
#14 Posted : 19 July 2013 18:22:37(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
Juan Carlos Arias

A Kurdziel wrote:
You cannot discriminate on the grounds that some cannot speak English.
That is interesting. Would you be able to indicate where this is stipulated? On the grounds of health and safety and duty of care towards your employees I would insist on a level of English to go in line with the duties they will perform. Certainly at least a basic understanding to understand simple instructions. I doubt you would get into trouble for adopting this approach unless someone knows better?
SP900308  
#15 Posted : 22 July 2013 08:16:32(UTC)
Rank: Super forum user
SP900308

Competence includes knowing your own limitations. Not being able to understand basic written or verbal instructions (in this scenario), must surely constitute a lack of overall competence, requiring increased Supervision. If increased Supervision is necessary, then I question the cost effectiveness of this recruitment drive and motivation behind it?
A Kurdziel  
#16 Posted : 22 July 2013 09:02:58(UTC)
Rank: Super forum user
A Kurdziel

If you decided not employ someone in the grounds that they do not speak English you would be guilty of indirect discrimination under the Equality act. It is possible to discriminate but it would be upto you as the employer to justify this discrimination on for example H&S grounds. You would need to prove that it was not reasonable for you to communicate with these employees in some other way. As I said in my earlier post, if the job specifically requires the ability to speak and communicate in English clearly eg a teacher or a newsreader then you might have a case. If the job involves basically manual skills then I cannot see how you can justify this discrimination. If we can justify discrimination on language grounds for H&S we could also justify similar discrimination on disability grounds eg a deaf person cannot hear instruction etc gender: women cannot lift as much as blokes therefore cannot employ them here.
B.Bruce  
#17 Posted : 22 July 2013 09:21:53(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
B.Bruce

A. Kurdziel, sorry, but I don't agree with your first sentence - a very open and wide statement which fails to take account of many other factors which would permit not employing someone because they can't speak english! With respect to my situation - I'm quite comfortable this would not be regarded as discriminatory. We have other Polish workers onsite who can read and speak english at a more advanced level than some of our uk citizens! Pure and simple - this comes down to a safety issue/question. Is it right that I advise management against employing someone who cannot communicate with the vast majority of the workforce, and similarly that their prospective supervisors and managers cannot communicated effectively with them. I think the answer is yes.
SP900308  
#18 Posted : 22 July 2013 09:27:37(UTC)
Rank: Super forum user
SP900308

A Kurdziel, I see your point and profess not being too up on recruitment and law. However, It's a challenge developing a good Health and Safety culture in the workplace when you can communicate with the workforce, I can't imagine the challenges one would face when you can't! That aside, the below scenarios would probably involve a buddy type arrangement to ensure the person with a hearing impairment is closely supervised / supported and obviously tasked with something suitable. Women not able to lift as much as Men is generally true but I don't see the relevance here? Finally, the job described previously doesn't just involve 'basic manual skills' in isolation. It involves communication, co-operation, understanding the risks and environment and necessary control measures, emergency arrangements and understanding how not to put yourself or others at risk by your acts or ommissions. Not easy when you don't understand the spoken and written language!
Juan Carlos Arias  
#19 Posted : 22 July 2013 09:34:14(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
Juan Carlos Arias

Indirect discrimination would apply if FLUENT English was a requirement for a job that doesn't clearly require this level of English. Only the level of English necessary for the job in question is required. In my book this means basic level at the minimum for any job in the UK.
B.Bruce  
#20 Posted : 22 July 2013 10:55:41(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
B.Bruce

Juan Carlos Arias wrote:
Indirect discrimination would apply if FLUENT English was a requirement for a job that doesn't clearly require this level of English. Only the level of English necessary for the job in question is required. In my book this means basic level at the minimum for any job in the UK.
Hi Juan Carlos/A Kurdziel, The job requires more than a basic understanding of english. It's interesting (and concerning) that a safety professionals like yourselves can make such sweeping statements when you haven't visited our factory or viewed the process. To provide you with more detail - our process involves welding, high-speed metal cutting saws, use of chemicals, compressed air tools......to name but a few. Dramatic assumptions are unhelpful but thanks for your input anyway. SP900308 - you hit the nail on the head. Its very difficult to communicate with someone who doesn't understand what you are trying to explain. As I have said previously, I wouldn't want to be in the position of having to explain in court how we ensured the employee was aware of the hazards and controls when said employee didnt understand a word of english! thanks to everyone for their input.
B.Bruce  
#21 Posted : 22 July 2013 10:58:55(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
B.Bruce

B.Bruce wrote:
Juan Carlos Arias wrote:
Indirect discrimination would apply if FLUENT English was a requirement for a job that doesn't clearly require this level of English. Only the level of English necessary for the job in question is required. In my book this means basic level at the minimum for any job in the UK.
Hi Juan Carlos/A Kurdziel, The job requires more than a basic understanding of english. It's interesting (and concerning) that a safety professionals like yourselves can make such sweeping statements when you haven't visited our factory or viewed the process. To provide you with more detail - our process involves welding, high-speed metal cutting saws, use of chemicals, compressed air tools......to name but a few. Dramatic assumptions are unhelpful but thanks for your input anyway. SP900308 - you hit the nail on the head. Its very difficult to communicate with someone who doesn't understand what you are trying to explain. As I have said previously, I wouldn't want to be in the position of having to explain in court how we ensured the employee was aware of the hazards and controls when said employee didnt understand a word of english! thanks to everyone for their input.
Whoops - Juan Carlos, apologies, I meant to take your name out of the first line........oh for an edit function!! Mods/IOSH - Please can we have an edit function, when are you going to listen to your subscribers?
A Kurdziel  
#22 Posted : 22 July 2013 11:41:09(UTC)
Rank: Super forum user
A Kurdziel

Sorry B. Bruce But I think that the nature of this forum, based as it is on the limited amount of information usually provided by the poster lends itself entirely to “sweeping statements.” Only the poster of the message knows what is happening on the shop floor and only they can make a decision based on what they know. The opinions produced here are based on what information is provided by the posters along with assumptions based on the respondents knowledge and personal opinions. The poster is free to take the advice up or leave it.
ptaylor14  
#23 Posted : 23 July 2013 14:19:26(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
ptaylor14

A Kurdziel wrote:
If you decided not employ someone in the grounds that they do not speak English you would be guilty of indirect discrimination under the Equality act. It is possible to discriminate but it would be upto you as the employer to justify this discrimination on for example H&S grounds. You would need to prove that it was not reasonable for you to communicate with these employees in some other way. As I said in my earlier post, if the job specifically requires the ability to speak and communicate in English clearly eg a teacher or a newsreader then you might have a case. If the job involves basically manual skills then I cannot see how you can justify this discrimination. If we can justify discrimination on language grounds for H&S we could also justify similar discrimination on disability grounds eg a deaf person cannot hear instruction etc gender: women cannot lift as much as blokes therefore cannot employ them here.
This guys right, you may employ other poles but its discrimination not to employ this one because he cannot yet speak english. Using your argument B Bruce we would not allow foreign truck drivers into the country because they cant read the signs or we could not go overseas for the same reason. If he has been trained to carry out the task in whatever language then he should be able to be employed. How did you read his application, if you cant speak/read polish?
SP900308  
#24 Posted : 23 July 2013 14:27:15(UTC)
Rank: Super forum user
SP900308

ptaylor, we do allow foreign truck drivers into our country, who speak / read no English...... the reason I know this - because I hear about the MANY accidents on our roads caused by this very omission! Your example is somewhat flawed IMO!
J0L0  
#25 Posted : 23 July 2013 14:41:49(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
J0L0

Just putting discrimination on side... I am just commenting on information provided, thereby it might be not accurate, if it was not fully disclosed. I work in international company, we have big construction sites. On some sites, more than 50% of the workforce do not speak country/project language. It does not mean we would prevent them from working. We identify this hazard, as employees are not able to communicate in project language AND we define appropriate control measure to control associated risks to this hazard. As an example: You mentioned that "verbally translated in Polish at the time of training". Thereby I assume in your workplace are currently employed bilingual (Polish and English) workers. Why do not specify job requirements for supervisor to be bilingual or allocate other bilingual employee to new "only Polish speaking" employee, with the possibility to promote him to supervisor, if performed well. Thereby you would manage communication. In addition in case of any trainings, it might be worth to compare syllabus of PL and EN qualification. To close some gaps i.e. other equipment used or different legislation.
B.Bruce  
#26 Posted : 24 July 2013 08:31:25(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
B.Bruce

ptaylor14 wrote:
This guys right, you may employ other poles but its discrimination not to employ this one because he cannot yet speak english. Using your argument B Bruce we would not allow foreign truck drivers into the country because they cant read the signs or we could not go overseas for the same reason. If he has been trained to carry out the task in whatever language then he should be able to be employed. How did you read his application, if you cant speak/read polish?
I'm quite comfortable that I am not being discriminatory. The person is unsuitable for the job because he lacks some basic yet important skills. Safety comes first and as this employee cannot understand a word of english we as a company should not absorb the added risk from employing him. Its similar to employing a man with one arm to direct traffic. Yes, he could do the job if he had a prosthetic limb - he would be perfectly capable at it - however, he doesn't. This wouldn't/shouldn't mean the employer is discriminating against him because of his disability. The employer is protecting himself and others from harm. Just as its not the employers responsibility to provide the prosthetic limb, it's not the employers responsibiliy to provide translation services just so a candidate can secure a job. Let me put it another way. If I were to turn up to a job interview in Poland as a Health and Safety Manager, and I dont speak a word of Polish and as a result I don't get the job, could I then cite discrimination as grounds for action. I could have all the training in the world, be a very successful manager but if I can't communicate with my colleagues how can I ever expect to be successful. Nor would I expect to be! This discussion has digressed from my OP however, its been interesting to hear colleagues views on the subject. Thanks
Jake  
#27 Posted : 24 July 2013 08:53:35(UTC)
Rank: Super forum user
Jake

I'm with B Bruce on this. Though it would be interesting to know how the recruitment process worked for this candidate the company want to employ, was their an interview process? If you have no polish speaking management then surely this candidate would stumble at the first hurdle "hello, tell me about your experience" - unable to respond as didn't understand the question. I'm also of the view that it's probably not reasonable to employ an additional bilingual manager just for this purpose - common sense would say this is a nonsense. As an FYI, in all the companies I've worked for (all large European or global organisations who employed persons from all countries / backgrounds / walks-of-life) every single one of them had a prerequisite of the application process of basic understand / command of the English language.
B.Bruce  
#28 Posted : 24 July 2013 08:58:55(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
B.Bruce

Jake wrote:
I'm with B Bruce on this. Though it would be interesting to know how the recruitment process worked for this candidate the company want to employ, was their an interview process? If you have no polish speaking management then surely this candidate would stumble at the first hurdle "hello, tell me about your experience" - unable to respond as didn't understand the question. I'm also of the view that it's probably not reasonable to employ an additional bilingual manager just for this purpose - common sense would say this is a nonsense. As an FYI, in all the companies I've worked for (all large European or global organisations who employed persons from all countries / backgrounds / walks-of-life) every single one of them had a prerequisite of the application process of basic understand / command of the English language.
Thanks Jake. The guy is only a potential candidate - a former colleague of another employee. No formal interviews have taken place but management are very keen to explore employing him.
Jake  
#29 Posted : 24 July 2013 09:23:28(UTC)
Rank: Super forum user
Jake

@ B Bruce, Gotcha. What I would do in this instance would be to inform your management team that it's absolutely fine to employ this person (if deemed suitable for the role) as long as the following are achieved: - Bilingual line manager who is competent to perform line management duties - If it is not practical for the bilingual line manager to work the same hours as the new employee, the company to ensure at least 1 other bilingual employee (in any area of the company) is working at the same time as the new employee (so the new employee can raise any concerns etc. on an ad hoc basis) - I would not be comfortable with a non-English speaking person working at a time when no other person is available to translate - Training material translated into Polish for the line manager to take the new employee through - Any technical qualifications required for the role that the employee may have from Poland meet the associated UK standards and if not the employee provided with top-up training to achieve this level Let them then make the decision whether the above is reasonable / financial viable etc. etc.
B.Bruce  
#30 Posted : 24 July 2013 09:32:57(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
B.Bruce

Jake wrote:
@ B Bruce, Gotcha. What I would do in this instance would be to inform your management team that it's absolutely fine to employ this person (if deemed suitable for the role) as long as the following are achieved: - Bilingual line manager who is competent to perform line management duties - If it is not practical for the bilingual line manager to work the same hours as the new employee, the company to ensure at least 1 other bilingual employee (in any area of the company) is working at the same time as the new employee (so the new employee can raise any concerns etc. on an ad hoc basis) - I would not be comfortable with a non-English speaking person working at a time when no other person is available to translate - Training material translated into Polish for the line manager to take the new employee through - Any technical qualifications required for the role that the employee may have from Poland meet the associated UK standards and if not the employee provided with top-up training to achieve this level Let them then make the decision whether the above is reasonable / financial viable etc. etc.
Cheers Jake, thats pretty much what I've been telling them - its good to have someone else thinking the same as me. They are hinting they are keen to employ more Polish workers which would be a good thing but I have already made them aware of the measures that need to be taken before this can happen. I'm not oversed to the idea but think I'm being realistic about the risks of employing non-english speakers in a fabrication and manufacturing environment.
stevedm  
#31 Posted : 24 July 2013 10:04:33(UTC)
Rank: Super forum user
stevedm

I have been the H&S Manager for a Polish operation and only committed to learn some of the language to ensure I got the right messages across as the companies first langauge was English(UK not US as there is a difference...) I have many examples where translators got it wrong..manual handling said in the wrong polish words can be embarrasingly different! Jake has listed all of what I did almost in reverse..just be aware of the quality of your translator...it needs to be written down do not rely on employee translation as they will put thier interpretation on the requirement... If you have asituation to use a similtaneous translator make sure that they translate what you say word for word.
Zimmy  
#32 Posted : 24 July 2013 18:13:37(UTC)
Rank: Super forum user
Zimmy

Real life. Commissioning a school after a re-wire. Certain sections were being switched on after testing and certification. These included lighting and small power (socket outlets). All the managers, foremen, supervisors were informed. All signs in place. Enter the painters. Off came the socket outlets from the walls and left hanging. All live and the happy Polish chaps painting away. Needless to say, Zimmy when nuts (ever the understanding). It was OK to do that as that as is the way they worked over there. They thought the signs we over the top. Happy days
Safety Man 1  
#33 Posted : 24 July 2013 19:30:23(UTC)
Rank: Super forum user
Safety Man 1

Good luck From previous dealings with my last company I had to deal with migrant workers Polish,Hungarian and Romanians and you get the usual cant understand you. The only way I found to get them to work safely was to stop them working a stand down money is the only language they are interested in
stevedm  
#34 Posted : 25 July 2013 08:03:29(UTC)
Rank: Super forum user
stevedm

zimmy wrote:
Real life. Commissioning a school after a re-wire. Certain sections were being switched on after testing and certification. These included lighting and small power (socket outlets). All the managers, foremen, supervisors were informed. All signs in place. Enter the painters. Off came the socket outlets from the walls and left hanging. All live and the happy Polish chaps painting away. Needless to say, Zimmy when nuts (ever the understanding). It was OK to do that as that as is the way they worked over there. They thought the signs we over the top. Happy days
I could give the same examples with native english workers....
ianjones  
#35 Posted : 25 July 2013 08:31:26(UTC)
Rank: Forum user
ianjones

Hi we started this route 3 years ago and it was a catastrophe! think how many documents you have to translate, you then pay for this or take people ff the floor you then get Rumanian's Russians Lithuanians Estonians .... we have now paid for English lessons for all existing staff to bring them up to nvq2 level and put an English comprehension test in place for inductions and all agency staff result better communication and increased efficiency don't do it
Zimmy  
#36 Posted : 25 July 2013 12:50:59(UTC)
Rank: Super forum user
Zimmy

#34 I know what you say is also true Steve :-(
Graham Bullough  
#37 Posted : 25 July 2013 13:24:54(UTC)
Rank: Super forum user
Graham Bullough

For a historical digression consider the problems which probably arose during the First World War because some Welshmen who joined or were conscripted into the British Army did not know any English. Also the Royal Navy at that time included some men, notably from remote parts of the Outer Hebrides, who only spoke and wrote Gaelic. Graham, M.Dig. (short for Master of Digression, so I'm told!)
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